Cauda Equina Syndrome Case Study , Cardinal Signs

A 57-year-old man 

  one month history of worsening low back pain 

 radiates down the back of both legs and suddenly increased yesterday.

 For the past 2 days,  have difficulty voiding

 skin around his anus feels numb when he wipes with toilet tissue. 

He denies prior trauma to or surgery on his back. 

- Most likely diagnosis: Cauda equine syndrome

Aetiology Central disk herniation multiple, involving bilateral nerve roots 

  the next diagnostic step MRI

Why Cauda Equina and not other causes of LBP because cardinal signs of Cauda equina syndrome are 

, urinary retention and overflow incontinence, decreased rectal tone, saddle anesthesia 

Pathological Q Wave refers to Differential Diagnosis

Pathological Q Wave is present in the following cases

MI

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in V1 V2 V3

Left Bundle Branch Block

Pulmonary Embolism only in lead III

WPW Syndrome in Lead III and aVF

Cardiology ECG P-R Interval Differential Diagnosis

Prolonged P-R Interval = 1st Degree Heart Block 

Short P-R Interval = WPW Syndrome with presence of Delta Wave

                                              or Lown-Ganong-Levin (LGL) Syndrome here delta wave is absent                                           Nodal Rhythm

High Nodal Ectopic                                

Variable P-R Interval = Mobitz type I heart Block ( Wenckebach Phenomenon) fg

                    

Cardiology ECG P Wave Differential Diagnosis

Wide P Wave = Left Atrial Hypertrophy or Enlargement

Tall P Wave = Right Atrial Hypertrophy or Enlargement

Small P Wave = High Nodal Rhythm or 

    High Nodal Ectopic or                            

Atrial Tachycardia or Atrial Ectopics                            

Inverted P Wave = Dextrocardia or 

Nodal Rhythm with retrograde conduction or                                

Low atrial and high nodal ectopic beats                                

Variable P Wave Morphology = Wandering PaceMaker 

Multiple P Waves = 3rd degree heart block

Absent P Wave = Atrial Fibrillation

      Atrial Flutter                             

Mid Nodal Rhythm                             

Ventricular Ectopic                             

Ventricular Tachycardia                             

Supraventricular Tachycardia                             

Atrioventricular Rhythm                             

Hyperkalemia