Causes of vertigo Etiology

Sudden onset – Acute labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis 

Vertigo with hearing loss and tinnitus – Meniere’s disease

 

Vertigo (episodic) with position change – benign paroxysmal positional vertigo BPPV

 

Vertigo after trauma – Perilymph fistula 

Vertigo with motion – Motion sickness 

Drug-induced vertigo – Vestibulotoxic drugs like Gentamicin, Salicylate and Quinine 

What is V/Q Scan in Medicine ?

A ventilation–perfusion (VQ) scan or V/Q scan is a scan in which we use radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) to examine airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs to look for evidence of any blood clot in the lungs, called pulmonary embolism

How to manage a Patient complaining of Syncope ?

You are in an Emergency Room and Have a patient complaining of Syncope what do you have to do

 1st of all you have to apply ECG 

 if ECG is normal and in young patient with Vasovagal Situation , Orthostatic and no comorbidities  

Discharge with Primary Care follow UP 

 , If Abnormal ECG or age more than 60 or History of Cardiac Disease or CHF or Exeretional syncope ,  Chest Pain or Dysponea 

 you have to apply C.T scan Doppler and lab tests

What is Ludwig 's angina Symptoms , Signs and Causes

Ludwig’s angina is a  skin infection that occurs on the floor of the mouth, underneath the tongue. This bacterial infection often occurs after a tooth abscess, which is a collection of pus in the center of a tooth. It can also follow other mouth infections or injuries. 

This infection is more common in adults 

Symptoms of Ludwig’s angina

\ swelling of the tongue, neck pain, and breathing problems 

• pain or tenderness in the floor of your mouth
• difficulty swallowing
• drooling
• problems with speech
• neck pain
• swelling of the neck
• redness on the neck
• weakness
• fatigue
• an earache
• tongue swelling that causes your tongue to push against your palate
• a fever
• chills
• confusion

 The complications can be life-threatening

The bacteria Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are common causes. 

follows a mouth injury or infection, such as a tooth abscess. 

contribute to developing Ludwig’s angina:

• poor dental hygiene
• trauma or lacerations in the mouth
• a recent tooth extraction

Dangerous causes of sore throat

Dangerous causes of sore throat: 

Epiglottitis 

peritonsillar abscess

 retropharyngeal abscess

 Ludwig angina

ٍSinus Bradycardia characteristics , Causes ECG Cardiology

Criteria 

Rate less than 60 BPM

Rhythm    Generally Regular

Pacemaker SA Node

P Wave : Present 

QRS Normal 80-120 msec

PRI less than 200 msec

Causes 

Physiological due to increased Vagal tone in SLEEP &ATHELETES

Pathological

Hypothyroidism

Raised Intracranial Pressure

Acute Inferior wall MI

Drugs like Digoxin, Beta Blockers and Verapamil

Obstructive Jaundice 

Hypothermia

Pathological Q Wave refers to Differential Diagnosis

Pathological Q Wave is present in the following cases

MI

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in V1 V2 V3

Left Bundle Branch Block

Pulmonary Embolism only in lead III

WPW Syndrome in Lead III and aVF

Cardiology ECG P-R Interval Differential Diagnosis

Prolonged P-R Interval = 1st Degree Heart Block 

Short P-R Interval = WPW Syndrome with presence of Delta Wave

                                              or Lown-Ganong-Levin (LGL) Syndrome here delta wave is absent                                           Nodal Rhythm

High Nodal Ectopic                                

Variable P-R Interval = Mobitz type I heart Block ( Wenckebach Phenomenon) fg

                    

Cardiology ECG P Wave Differential Diagnosis

Wide P Wave = Left Atrial Hypertrophy or Enlargement

Tall P Wave = Right Atrial Hypertrophy or Enlargement

Small P Wave = High Nodal Rhythm or 

    High Nodal Ectopic or                            

Atrial Tachycardia or Atrial Ectopics                            

Inverted P Wave = Dextrocardia or 

Nodal Rhythm with retrograde conduction or                                

Low atrial and high nodal ectopic beats                                

Variable P Wave Morphology = Wandering PaceMaker 

Multiple P Waves = 3rd degree heart block

Absent P Wave = Atrial Fibrillation

      Atrial Flutter                             

Mid Nodal Rhythm                             

Ventricular Ectopic                             

Ventricular Tachycardia                             

Supraventricular Tachycardia                             

Atrioventricular Rhythm                             

Hyperkalemia